USDA Letter Footnotes

1 USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. 2000. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 5th Edition. (Available at http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines.htm.)
2 United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Surgeon General. December 13, 2001. Overweight and Obesity Threaten U.S. Health Gains (news release). (Available at http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news.)
3 Ibid.
4 United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. 2000. Questions and Answers on the Dietary Guidelines, 2000. (Available at http://www.cnpp.usda.gov.)
5 Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A. 1999. Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15:507-515.
6 Moss M, Freed D. 2003. The cow and the coronary: epidemiology, biochemistry and immunology. International Journal of Cardiology, 87:203-215.
7 Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. 1999. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(suppl):516S-524S.
8 American Institute for Cancer Research. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. (Available at http://www.aicr.og.)
9 American Institute for Cancer Research. March 3, 2003. New United Nations Report Supports Key Role for Diet, Activity in Cancer Prevention (news release). (Available at http://www.aicr.org/press.)
10 Snowdon, DA, Phillips RL. 1985. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes? American Journal of Public Health, 75:507-512.
11 Melby CL, Hyner GC, Zoog B. 1985. Blood pressure in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a cross-sectional analysis. Nutrition Research, 5:1077-1082.
12 Fraser GE. 1999. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease and mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(suppl):532S-538S.
13 Ibid.
14 Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJA. 1999. The Oxford vegetarian study: an overview. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(suppl):525S-531S.
15 United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Recall Information Center. (Available at http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/recalls/rec_pr.htm#2002.)
16 Mead PS, Slutaker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(5):607.
17 American Dietetic Association. A vegetarian lifestyle: can vegetarian eating supply your body with enough nutrients? (Available at: http://www.eatingright.org/Public/NutritionInformation/index_2827.cfm.)
18 American Dietetic Association. 2003. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(6):748-765. (Also available at: http://www.eatright.org.)
19 Ibid.
20 An analysis of 38 clinical trials found that consumption of soy protein in place of animal protein significantly reduced blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Krauss, RM, et al. 2000. AHA Dietary Guidelines. Circulation, 102:2284-2299.
21 Messina V, Melina V, Mangels AR. 2003. A new food guide for North American vegetarians. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103:771-775.
22 The Institute of Medicine has recommended that everyone over 50 years of age, regardless of type of diet, receive Vitamin B12, through consuming supplements or fortified foods. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.